Anatomical anomalies of the thyroid gland are very important for the management of thyroidectomy operations. The thyroid gland consists of two lobes and the isthmus connecting them. The absence of the isthmus of the thyroid gland is defined as thyroid isthmus agenesis and very few cases have been reported in the literature. In the present case, isthmus agenesis was detected during thyroidectomy operation performed due to suspicion of malignancy. Caution should be exercised in terms of…

Corneal inflammation from various causes characterized by small scattered spots of loss or injury to the corneal epithelium, observed after instillation of sodium fluorescein dye and under cobalt blue filter illumination [1].

In this case, a 76-year-old woman with evaporative dry eye due to Meibomian gland dysfunction [2] and superficial punctate keratitis, Grade 2 according to Oxford scale, and a score of 20 on the OSDI test [3]. Her symptoms include redness, tearing, photophobia,…

Maternal and child health outcomes are shaped by complex environmental, social, and policy-level determinants that extend far beyond individual clinical care. The upstream perspective emphasizes prevention through action on these structural and environmental factors. This paper explores the upstream determinants of maternal and child environmental health—including air pollution, water sanitation, occupational hazards, and climate change—and highlights the crucial role of midwives in…

Background: Coxa vara in children is a rare but functionally disabling complication following femoral neck fractures, often arising from malunion or growth disturbances. Correction requires addressing both mechanical alignment and physeal orientation to prevent recurrence. This report highlights a successful intertrochanteric valgus osteotomy using a proximal femoral locking plate in a young child with post-traumatic coxa vara.

Case Presentation: A…

Introduction: The use of clustering analysis within healthcare has evidenced promise in grouping complex medical cases, with increasing attention being given in grouping mental health symptoms and outcomes. Limited information is available on clustering for mental health symptoms in patients who have experienced a recent traumatic physical injury. Similarly, it is unknown if different patient subtypes have diverse social risk factors or if treatment response may…

Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is central to immune recognition, orchestrating the distinction between self and non-self-antigens. Its significance in orthopaedics has gained increasing attention due to its involvement in autoimmune disorders, tissue transplantation, and implant-related complications.

Methods: This review synthesises evidence from published literature on the structure, function, and polymorphism of HLA genes…

Background: The hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio is a critical determinant of knee stability, functional performance, and injury prevention. Optimizing this ratio is essential for reducing injury risk, particularly among athletes and physically active individuals. Isometric training, characterized by pushing and holding exercises, is commonly used to enhance strength. However, the comparative effects of these two methods at different joint angles, particularly…

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is among the most common surgical procedures performed in sports medicine to restore knee stability and functional performance after ligament rupture [1, 2]. The hamstring tendon autograft is widely used because it provides strong fixation, fewer anterior knee complications, and good long-term outcomes compared with patellar tendon grafts [3, 4]. However, the harvest of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons creates donor site deficits that…

This study focuses on the key issues related to the entrepreneurial psychology of Chinese private entrepreneurs, aiming to reveal its internal mechanisms and propose effective solutions. By employing a literature analysis method, we systematically review the entrepreneurial motivations of Chinese private entrepreneurs, the developmental history of entrepreneurial psychology, and provide examples of poor risk management in entrepreneurship. We also discuss the importance of social…

Background: Antithyroid Drugs (ATDs) are widely used for hyperthyroidism but can rarely cause idiosyncratic neutropenia and agranulocytosis, potentially leading to life-threatening infections.

Objective: To summarize the definition, epidemiology, clinical features, and management of ATD induced neutropenia and agranulocytosis.

Methods: Review of international literature and local data from the University Hospitals of…