The global obesity epidemic, coupled with the alarming rise of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, poses a formidable challenge to public health. Interaction between the gut and the brain is essential for energy homeostasis. In obesity, this homeostasis is disrupt. While traditional views have focused on diet and exercise, a more nuanced understanding is emerging—one that connects our mental state, nervous system, hormonal balance, and immune function to the all-rounder par excellence…

Objectives: To synthesise current evidence on the role of probiotics in maintaining gut health, with a particular focus on their use during and after antibiotic therapy. This review aims to provide general and family medicine clinicians with a balanced, evidence‑based overview of probiotic efficacy, limitations, and practical considerations for patient care.

Design: Narrative review of contemporary literature, including mechanistic studies,…

Background: Prolonged digital device use among college students is increasingly associated with musculoskeletal discomfort, yet comprehensive studies examining ergonomic practices, multitasking behavior, and symptom prevalence remain limited in undergraduate populations.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and associations with ergonomic practices and digital device multitasking in college…

Bilateral femoral ectopic testes are exceptionally rare congenital anomalies in which the testes deviate from the normal path of descent and lodge within the femoral canal. Fewer than a handful of bilateral cases have been described in the literature. We report a child presenting with bilateral groin swellings initially suspected to be inguinal hernias. Clinical examination and ultrasonography confirmed bilateral femoral ectopic testes. Surgical exploration with orchidopexy resulted in…

Primary infertility in adult couples is most commonly attributed to ovulatory dysfunction, tubal pathology, or male factor abnormalities. Rarely, congenital Anorectal Malformations (ARMs) persisting into adulthood may create atypical urogenital contamination pathways, predisposing both partners to recurrent genital infections. We report an unusual case of a married couple presenting with recurrent Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) in the female partner and chronic, treatment‑resistant…

Background: Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition, is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to shared inflammatory pathways. However, the direct impact of psoriasis on cardiovascular risk factors remains underexplored. This study investigates the relationship between psoriasis and cardiovascular events, including Myocardial Infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic diseases.

Methods: A…

Objectives: To synthesise emerging evidence that colorectal motility disorders, traditionally viewed as isolated hindgut conditions, may initiate a progressive, system‑wide sequence of gastrointestinal and extra‑intestinal dysfunction. This review proposes an “ascending cascade” model in which partial functional obstruction of the hindgut triggers upstream effects on the midgut, foregut, biliary‑pancreatic axis, and respiratory and ENT…

Background: Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) in overhead athletes represents a significant concern in volleyball, yet most research focuses solely on range of motion improvements without assessing biomechanical adaptations or sport-specific performance outcomes.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of a 12-week TheraBand-based throwing exercise program on glenohumeral rotational kinematics, scapular dyskinesis, and spiking…

Background: Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) rehabilitation literature lacks comprehensive neuromuscular analysis explaining motor control mechanisms underlying elastic resistance training effectiveness. Current evidence emphasizes range of motion and pain outcomes without addressing rotator cuff and scapular stabilizer activation patterns or co-contraction dynamics essential to shoulder stability.

Objective: This randomized…

Background: Despite widespread clinical adoption of stretching interventions for Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit (GIRD) management in overhead athletes, evidence supporting long term GIRD correction and recurrent injury prevention remains limited. Conversely, little empirical evidence exists characterizing how progressive resistance loading affects posterior shoulder tightness resolution, internal rotation deficit correction, and critically, tendon load tolerance…